A Critical Examination of the Concept of Gender by Marilyn J. Freimuth
‘the traditional assumption has been that just as individuals are biologically either male or female, psychologically they are either masculine or feminine’
‘sex refers to biological factors such as genes, hormones and anatomical/reproductive structures’
‘gender is used to refer to psychological characteristics which are socially constructed as ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’
‘having socially constructed the categories male and female, we implicitly deny that such categories are constructed and take them to be givens in the ‘natural world’
Gender Roles:
‘behaviours and traits culturally specified as feminine or masculine’
‘aside from a few biologically based limitations people can enact the same behaviours’
‘an individual’s masculinity cannot be made from information about his/her femininity’
‘just because an individual is not masculine does not mean that (s)he is feminine’
Freimuth, M. J. & Hornstein, G. A. (1982). A critical examination of the concept of gender. Plenum Publishing Corporation,pp 515-532.
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