Print Culture and Distribution part 1:

Age of print began in 1450 with :Gutenburg press.

1760-1840/ 1780-1832:

Industrial revolution causes production to speed up and become more mechanised causing a shift in labour and cities grow which resulted in the need for more products at quicker rate as industry was rapidly expanding. Consequently this caused a clear segregation in class as factory owners and businessmen lived at top of city and the working class lived in poverty at the bottom. this caused a community to form among the working class who created new forms of popular entertainment which also involves the working class to begin to question social norms such as questioning social divides and demanding the right to vote causing the politicisation of the working class. Consequently this was aided by mass image culture and John Martin who bypassed traditional methods and charged people an entrance fee to see his work instead of selling it. He then made cheap engravings to sell to makes more money which gave people the ability to be an artist without state funding or by being royalty/high class giving power to the working class. Mass image culture further aided the working class as it made art available to masses,as it was no longer just kept in galleries due to developments in the industrial revolution as artist should now reproduce their work. 

Culture vs popular culture

Matthew Arnold ‘Culture & Anarchy' 

Culture is he best that has been thought and said in the world and is the study of perfection therefore working class aren't cultured and refers to working class as Anarchy. Working class culture in general is not culture properly but has political function to keep working class in their place. 

Leavisism- F.R Leavis 7 Q.D Leavis:

Culture has always been in minority keeping’- believe there needs to be an educated few to maintain culture, as only a few can truly understand culture. Popular culture creates an addiction that doesn't refresh attitude to life whereas ‘art’  makes you question world. 

However due to the industrial revolution the Schools of design start to emerge which start to work towards new disciplines such as printing. Government school of design where created to create workers with skills for industrial capitalism and focused on getting people into industry. First government school of design was Summerset House and they started to move across the country. However there are only a few left today Leeds College of Art being one. Culture of art and culture of design created out of political divide between elite and working class as neither understood each others methods. This is because the elite saw art with an Aura as they believe it to be something thats  eternal and  perusing  something greater then ones self. However the industrial revolution sought to take the aura out of art by removing it from galleries something which was tighten by the age of digital print which saw the recycling of image  which further threatens the aura status of art as becomes less exclusive which can be seen in the many reproduction sand digital edits of the Mona Lisa which saw the idea of making art by using new technology to try to fight back against systems of power not just for reproduction and profit.

The introduction of new technology saw a new breed of artist show man appear in form of  Eidophusikon  who open an exhibition in lester square and charged entrance fee. The exhibition featured a set that the audience looked through as if they where looking at a painting, with moving pieces became first use of immersive sensory experience in an exhibition setting and was the first moving image within art. The use of moving image within art expanded by the use of the Panorama in London which was the use of new technology that allowed artist to create photographic mapping/panoramas which where viewed in a circular galleries above ground to create submissive experience. This lead newspapers to begin to use images within publication as people often bought the Illustrated London News 1840 for the photography and illustrations within publications causing no need to buy art, go to galleries as can gain art from newspapers which lead to the belief that anyone can be visual communicator if have access to technology. This was developed further through the use of photography as with the invention of photography there became no need for portrait paintings as photographs where cheaper and more accurate. therefore giving further power to the working class as anyone could have a portrait no longer just for the rich. 

Print Capitalism 1842:

Own culture, makes own rules and creates own markets centred around images made for purpose of profit, markets overtake traditional art distribution methods such as galleries causing culture to be replaced by popular culture as are art became generally cheap and affordable which the elitist hated as they though it to be mindless and cheap.